Using Logistic Regression to Characterise Communal Cattle Farmers in Botswana
Keywords:
Cross breed, Exotic breed, Odds ratio, Subsistence farming, Tswana breedAbstract
This paper aims to characterise and profile subsistence cattle farmers according to selected attributes to establish their influence on the type of cattle breed kept by farmers in Botswana. The development of communal cattle production can be a sustainable way to improve the livelihoods of the rural population in Botswana. However, there needs to be more information or research conducted to characterise and profile communal cattle farmers with a precondition that the farmers can keep any of the three breeds (Tswana, Cross, or Exotic). A logistic regression model was fitted to determine the influence of 11 predictor variables on the type of cattle breed kept by the farmers. Results revealed that female-headed households were 50% more likely to have the Tswana breed of cattle than male-headed households. In contrast, female-headed households were 30% less likely to have cross-breed or exotic-breed cattle than male-headed households. Results further show that resource-poor farmers tend to keep Tswana breed cattle. These are holdings with no farm labour, no other economic activities, female-headed households, and their primary source of income specified as “other”.
Downloads
References
ABEYGUNAWARDENA , H.A., RATHNAYAKA, D. & JAYATHILAKA, W.M.A.P., 1997. Characteristics of cattle farming systems in Sri Lanka. J. Natl. Sci. Found. Sri Lanka., 25: 25-38.
AGRESTI, A., 2002. Categorical Data Analysis. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Interscience.
ALLISON, P.D., 2012. Logistic regression using SAS: Theory and application. SAS Institute.
AMIMO, J.O., THUMBI, S., INYANGALA, B., JUNGA, J. & MOSI, R., 2011. Socioeconomic characteristics and perceptions of cattle keepers and constraints to cattle production in Western Kenya. Livest. Res. Rural. Dev., 23(6).
DEBSWANA., 2007. Debswana Annual Review Report. Available from https://www.debswana.com/Media/Reports/Annual%20Review%202007.pdf
FOSBROOKE, H., 1971a. The role of tradition in rural development. Botsw Notes Rec., 3(1971): 188-191.
FOSBROOKE, H.A., 1971b. Land and population. Botsw Notes Rec., 3(1): 172-187
GARWI, J., 2022. The contribution of smallholder beef cattle farming to household development in Chipinge rural district. Zimbabwe. Journal of Economic Impact., 4:106-115.
GREGORY-SCHEIBER, D., 2018. Logistic and Linear Regression Assumptions: Violation Recognition and Control. Available from Lexjansen.com.
KALABAMU, F., 2006. Patriarchy and women's land rights in Botswana. Land Use Policy., 23: 237-246.
KALABAMU, F. & MOROLONG, S., 2004. Informal land delivery processes and access to land by the urban poor in Greater Gaborone. University of Botswana.
KALABAMU, F.T., 2001. Housing delivery systems in Botswana: The inadequacy of gender neutral policies. African women and children: Crisis and response. Praeger Westport.
KUNENE, N. & FOSSEY, A., 2006. A survey on livestock production in some traditional areas of Northern Kwazulu Natal in South Africa. Livest. Res. Rural. Dev., 18: 30-33.
LARSSON, A., 1989. Traditional versus modern housing in Botswana: An analysis from the user's perspective. Dwellings, Settlements and Tradition: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 503-25.
LARSSON, A., 1990. Modern houses for modern life. Lund: University of Lund.
MAHABILE, M., LYNE, M. C. & PANIN, A., 2005. An empirical analysis of factors affecting the productivity of livestock in southern Botswana. Agrekon., 44: 99-117.
MALUSI, N., FALOWO, A., HOSU, Y. & IDAMOKORO, E., 2022. Prevalent Constraints Towards Production and Commercialisation of Cattle Owned by Smallholder Farmers in South Africa- A Review. Adv Anim Vet Sci., 10: 659-675.
MAVHUNGU, T.J., NESAMVUNI, A.E., TSHIKOLOMO, K.A., RAPHULU, T., VAN NIEKERK, J.A., MPANDELI, N.S. & NESAMVUNI, A.E., 2021. Characterisation of women and youth smallholder agriculyural entrepreneur's in rural irrigation schemes in Vhembe district, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Agric. Ext., 49: 104-122.
MDIYA, L. & MDODA, L., 2021. Socio-economic factors affecting home gardens as a livelihood strategy in rural areas of the Eastern Cape province, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Agric. Ext., 49: 1-15.
MIDI, H., SARKAR, S.K. & RANA, S., 2010. Collinearity diagnostics of binary logistic regression model. J. Interdiscip. Math., 13: 253-267.
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT., 2011. Botswana's second national communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Available from https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/bwanc2.pdf
MMOPELWA, D. & SELEKA, T.B., 2011. Factors Underlying Communal Beef Cattle Marketing Decisions in Botswana: The Role of Public and Private Transfers. Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis.
MOOROSI, L., SCHWALBACH, L. & GREYLING, J., 2001. Characterisation of small-scale cattle farming in two districts of the Free State Province of South Africa. Master's thesis, University of the Orange Free State.
MOSALAGAE, D. & MOGOTSI, K., 2013. Caught in a sandstorm: An assessment of pressures on communal pastoral livelihoods in the Kalahari Desert of Botswana. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice., 3: 18.
MREMA, M., 2004. An economic analysis of the utilisation of donkeys in Botswana: The past and the future. A resource book of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA). In P. Starkey & D. Fielding (eds.), Donkeys, people and development. Wageningen, Netherlands: ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA).
NSOSO, S. & RABASIMA, M., 2004. A survey of traditional beef cattle farmers in Southern Botswana: demographic parameters and adoption of certain improved management practices. S. Afr. J. Agric. Ext., 33: 11-19.
OLADELE, O. & MOILWA, M., 2010. Cattle farmers’ willingness to establish private grazing lands in Mahalapye, Botswana. Livest. Res. Rural. Dev., 22(9): 159.
OLBRICH, R., QUAAS, M.F. & BAUMGÄRTNER, S., 2014. Characterising commercial cattle farms in Namibia: risk, management and sustainability. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 11(41): 4109-4120.
PENG, C.Y. J., LEE, K. L. & INGERSOLL, G. M., 2002. An introduction to logistic regression analysis and reporting. J. Educ. Res., 96: 3-14.
SAS INSTITUTE.,2002-2010. Statistical Analysis System(SAS). North Carolina, USA: SAS Institute Inc.
SCHAPERA, I., 1994. A handbook of Tswana law and custom. London: International African Institute and Münster-Hamburg: LIT Verlag.
SCHWALBACH, L., GROENEWALD, I. & MARFO, C., 2002. A survey of small-scale cattle farming systems in the North West Province of South Africa. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci., 31: 200-204.
SEANAMA CONSERVATION CONSULTANCY., 2012. Agriculture and Food Security Policy Brief. Reflecting on the Challenges of Attaining a Green Economy for Botswana. Availabe from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1008National%20Report%20(Agriculture)%20-%20Botswana.pdf
STATISTICS BOTSWANA., 2012. 2007 and 2008 Annual Agricultural Survey Report. Available from https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/2007%20and%202008%20Annual%20Agric%20Survey%20Report.PDF
STATISTICS BOTSWANA., 2018. Botswana Demographic Survey Report 2017. Gaborone.
STATISTICS BOTSWANA., 2019. Gross Domestic Product First Quarter. Gaborone Botswana.
TAVIRIMIRWA, B., MWEMBE, R., NGULUBE, B., BANANA, N., NYAMUSHAMBA, G., NCUBE, S. & NKOMBONI, D., 2013. Communal cattle production in Zimbabwe: A review. Livest. Res. Rural. Dev., 25(12).
UCHENDU, G. O., AMA, N. O., AGANGA, A. O. & MADIBELA, O. R., 2021. Demographic profiling and charaterization of cattle and cattle farmers in Botswana. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 17: 571-581.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 G. Madisa-Maseko, D. North, T. Zewotir
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
.png){kind=spacer}